DIABETES INSIPIDUS
✿ Central
✧ idiopathicAutoimmune-mediated destruction of hypothalamus.
✧ familialInclude familial neurohypophyseal DI (ADH gene mutation), Wolfram syndrome (also characterized by DM, optic atrophy, deafness), Congenital hypopituitarism (also characterized by growth hormone and anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies), and Septo-optic dysplasia (cerebral midline and forebrain abnormalities, also characterized by anterior pituitary dysfunction).
✧ malignancyPrimary brain tumor or metastatic disease (lung, leukemia, lymphoma).
✧ hypoxia/ischemiaShock, cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke.
✧ infiltrationLangerhans cell histiocytosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis.
✧ surgery/traumaCraniopharyngioma or pituitary adenoma surgical resection.
✿ Nephrogenic
✧ inherited disordersMutations in genes encoding for vasopressin receptors and aquaporins, Bartter syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
✧ renal diseasesDecreased response to ADH in dysfunctional renal tubules.
✧ hypercalcemia
✧ hypokalemiaAlso called "gestational DI"
✧ drugsLithium, vaptans, cidofovir, foscarnet, amphotericin B, demeclocycline, ifosfamide, orlistat, didanosine.
✧ pregnancyAlso called "gestational DI"
✿ Adipsic
✧ septo-optic dysplasia
✧ germinoma
✧ craniopharyngioma
✧ cns sarcoidosis
✧ subarrachnoid hemorrhage
